a civil acton essays

a civil acton essays The movie A Civil Action brings up an interesting idea that many people in the public don't see or hear about very often. The idea that the big corporations often don't take into account the safety of the people that work for them or the people that live around the factories. These big corporations are run entirely by money and the idea of what things will cost and how much money they can possibly make. Too many times money is more important than the lives of human beings and the people that run these places only see in dollars and cents. The moral issues that this dilemma brings up are immense. This has been happening for centuries since the industrial revolution. Workers were subjected too harsh conditions and unsafe factories so that more goods could be produced. They had children as young as seven and eight years old working 15 hour days. In our modern times, toxic waste now plays a big part in the safety of people. The waste that these companies produce and dump under o ur noses don't seem to bother them in the least. The way microeconomics effects this must be fully explored to realize the way the corporate world thinks and acts. The goal of any corporation is to make the maximum profit that they can providing a good or service to the community while doing it as inexpensively as possible to them. Too many times producing these goods, toxic by-products are also produced. Nuclear power plants create plutonium, factories let poisonous gasses into the atmosphere, and chemicals are dumped into the drains and washed into our water everyday while being unknown to the people around them. The issue then becomes what to do with these "poisons" at the cheapest cost to retain the most revenue. In A Civil Action the W.R. Grace company decided that the best place to dump the T.C.E. was in the river behind the plant. It's too bad that all the people who lived down stream were also effected by the care ...

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poe's Ligeia Although the movement began more than 130 years ago, readers today are still trying to define the highly complex genre known as  American Romanticism. Understanding the meaning of the literary period is challenging. Romanticism in America consisted of several common themes that questioned earlier ideas of  literature,  art, and philosophy. This feature will discuss Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia (1838) to demonstrate how one writer uses  supernatural themes than the more traditional, classical themes of the 18th century. Ligeia's Unusual Beauty Not only does Ligeias unusual beauty represent a reoccurring theme throughout the story, but the text portrays Poes method of rejecting the ordinary, a common theme in past literature, while still promoting the ideas of Romanticism. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, the fair-haired, the blue-eyed, by comparing her to Ligeia whose features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen. Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeias beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. Poe clearly rejects classical beauty by killing off Rowena and having Ligeia, the heroine and the personification of Romantic beauty, live on through Rowenas body. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: She came and departed as a shadow. He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a strange mystery. Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large expressive eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race. The rejection of the classical values and the welcoming of the supernatural through unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poes bias towards Romantic themes particularly since the narrator describes her eyes and voice further as which at once so delighted and appalled meby the almost magical melody, modulation, distinctness, and placidity of her low voice. In this statement, Ligeia almost frightens the narrator because of her grotesque and supernatural qualities. He cannot explain what he sees, but in Romanticism, many times the writers threw out the rational and replaced it with the irregular and unexplained. When Did We Meet? Another contradiction of the narrators relationship with Ligeia is how he cannot explain how he knows her, or when and where they met. I cannot, for my soul, remember how, when, or even precisely where, I first became acquainted with the lady Ligeia. Why is it that Ligeia has taken away his recollection? Consider how unusual this episode is since most people can remember the smallest details of meeting their true love. It seems that she almost has control over him. Then, her love for him demonstrates more Romantic themes of the supernatural since she returns from the dead through Rowena. Often, Romanticist literature tried to disconnect itself with past literary styles by adding a theme of unusual remoteness concerning time and space. For example, Ligeias identity has no clear beginning or end. This fact clearly demonstrates another example of this excessive, irregular, and unexplained style of writing commonly found in Romanticist literature. We never know how the narrator meets Ligeia, where she was after she dies, or how she is capable of resurrecting herself through another woman. All of this is in strict defiance of Restoration literature and a rejection of 18th-century writers philosophies. By challenging what 18th-century writers labeled as appropriate themes, Poe writes Ligeia to promote his belief in Romanticist theories and ideas. His originality, specifically the use of the supernatural, is a consistent example of the innovation projected throughout Romantic literature.

CPOE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CPOE - Assignment Example This way, the implementation of CPOE makes the process of giving care to patients more efficient and effective. Additionally, the implementation of CPOE helps in making cost-conscious decisions by the physicians (Sittig & Stead, 1994). This is because, they already have all the entries regarding patients treatment requirements in a computer, which makes it easier to base their decisions on such information, as opposed to arbitrary or uninformed decision making (Sittig & Stead, 1994). Most significant is the fact that, the implementation of CPOE strategy helps in the optimization of the physicians time (Sittig & Stead, 1994). While recording information on other media takes more time, as does searching and retrieving such information, the case is different with computer made entries. Computer made entries enhance the speed of recording and retrieving information, thus allowing the physician to concentrate on patient care. This way, the implementation of CPOE helps to ensure that a med ical practitioner spends more time addressing the patients, as opposed to perusing through books and files in search for information and medical instructions (Sittig & Stead,

Perfect Competition, Monopolistic, Oligopoly, Monopoly Essay

Perfect Competition, Monopolistic, Oligopoly, Monopoly - Essay Example Perfect competition Many Sellers The perfect competition market have many sellers. The sellers are adequate in the market such and therefore a single decision by a particular firm in terms of prices, and output attract no impact on the equilibrium prices and quantities in the market. Many Buyers There are many buyers in the market with perfect information about the prices and quantities. Sellers cannot, therefore, manipulate the customers based on prices and quantities as the value of costs is determined by the economic forces of demand and supply. Firm are Prices Takers The firms in the perfect competition markets are price takers. The firm cannot, therefore, sell at different (at) price that the prevailing rates. Homogeneous Goods The sellers and buyers in the perfect competition marketing trade in homogeneous goods. The goods sold are similar and thus a seller has no option to sell at the prevailing prices in the market to make the normal prices. Perfect Information There is complete knowledge with respect to goods sold, prices and quantities. Sellers cannot manipulate the buyers who attach values to the commodities sold making firms operate under normal prices. No transportation costs There are no transportation costs in the market. The market structure assumes that sellers only sell around their local markets and hence walk into the markets freely with their goods. Free entry and Exit There are no barriers to entry and exit, and this is at the discretion of the sellers. Firms tend to enter the market when it is favorable and quite during the upheavals. Sellers may switch in between the various homogenous products depending on the one that sells and demanded. Monopolistic competition There are many firms with less market share. There are a vast number of differentiated products a feature that distinguish it from perfect competition market structure. Products differentiation is in the form of styles, location, pricing strategies, brand name, packaging, and advertisement. The firms enter or leave the market at their discretion. Monopoly There is restricted entry and exit from the market Monopolist restricts entry into the firm due to increased market power arising from economies of scale. A single firm may own a fundamental factor input hence locking out others hence enjoying a greater market share. Due the economies of scale the marginal cost of production declines and reduced total costs of production. A single Seller and Many Buyers In a monopoly market structure, there is a single seller producing a product with no close substitutes hence synonymous industry and firm. However, the firm benefit from a range of buyers that have no option hence buy at the Monopoly’s set prices despite restricted quantities. Unique Products (Heterogeneous) The firms in a monopoly market structure produce heterogeneous products. Therefore, there is less competition in the industry, and the firm can make supernormal profits in the short run since there are many buyers. Monopoly is the Price Maker The power possesses a higher degree of market power. The firm was thus able to charge prices at the equilibrium prices by manipulating the quantity of outputs supplied, but still find consumers buying in bulks as the firm is sole in the industry. Oligopoly Sell standardized or differentiated commodities. There are restrictions to entry due to economies of scale

The logic model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The logic model - Essay Example ve existed, or have been promoted over the past several years, you have been concentric upon utilizing resources provided by the healthcare community or directly promoted by healthcare professionals. Within this understanding, it is at this juncture that this particular plan seeks to utilize a change in organizational behavior theory as a means of further providing a health care promotion strategy that can effectively address the issue at hand. In terms of inputs that will be required, the first of these is a level of training and understanding that should be provided to healthcare professionals that have regular interaction with parents or children. For the most part, the input will require training of pediatrics staff as a means of providing indirect and direct level of counseling, as well as printed material and resources, to parents and children that may be at risk of obesity themselves. Likewise, the input of time, money, and a change in the way that organizational operation takes place will all be required in order to affect this particular health care promotion strategy. Furthermore, in terms of activities that will be required, these will be concentric upon counseling and the provision of direct assistance to parents and stakeholders that are or may potentially become at risk for obesity. Yet, more than merely encouraging a level of physical exertion and promoting healthy lifestyles, and other core activity that will be involved within this particular health care promotion strategy is the need to gather information, with a relevant consideration for privacy, and utilize this information as a means of determining which at risk individuals are those that could potentially benefit from the programs that are being offered. Whereas it is true that in a perfect world all potential patients could be engaged in a similar, if not identical manner, the resources and the overall strain of time create a dynamic by which healthcare professionals will be required to

Strategies to Improve Health in Glasgow

Strategies to Improve Health in Glasgow Improving the health of the citizens of Glasgow. Health The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines: â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† This definition is unchanged since 1948.[1] Demography of Glasgow According to the 2002 census, Glasgow has a population of nearly 580,000. This is more than 10% of the total population of Scotland that is just over 5 million. The metropolitan area of Glasgow houses about 1.7 million people. It is the largest city in Scotland and 4th largest in the UK. Slightly fewer than 24% of the population of Glasgow are below the age of 20 and slightly more than 15% are aged over 65 with about 7% over 75. This is similar to the rest of Scotland.[2] The ethnic mix is: 96.5% white, 2.5% Asian, 1% Black, Chinese and other ethnic groups.[3] Indices of deprivation were updated in 2007[4] for England but slightly different indices are used for the four home nations of the UK. The Scottish index was produced in 2006.[5] Although there are slight differences in the criteria, eastern Glasgow has the most deprived areas in the whole of the UK. However, Glasgow is a mixed conurbation with many affluent areas too. Health Inequalities The NHS was supposed to remove health inequalities but has failed to do so. The Black Report, commissioned in 1977 and published in 1980 found that little had changed in terms of health inequalities.[6] Sir Donald Acheson’s Report of November 1998 found little evidence of improvement.[7] A seminal paper by Dr Julian Tudor Hart in 1971 coined the inverse care law.[8] â€Å"In areas with most sickness and death, general practitioners have more work, larger lists, less hospital support and inherit more clinically ineffective traditions of consultation than in the healthiest areas; and hospital doctors shoulder heavier case-loads with less staff and equipment, more obsolete buildings and suffer recurrent crises in the availability of beds and replacement staff. These trends can be summed up as the inverse care law: that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served.† Tackling health inequalities is a major component of the Government’s health policy. There are plenty of publications[9] but little evidence of change. Health and life expectancy have improved through all strata of society but the gradient down the social classes remains or has expanded. Some argue that this is a disgrace whilst others say that provided that there is improvement in all sections that this is an achievement. The WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health[10] was chaired by Sir Michael Marmot and looked at health inequalities not only in poor nations but also in the rich. It found that children born in the Calton area of Glasgow will live, on average, 28 years less than a person living eight miles awayinLenzie, East Dumbartonshire. There the life expectancy is 82 years compared with 79 for the whole of the UK. A Calton resident has a life expectancy of 54 years. The report said adult death rates were generally 2 ½ times higher in the most deprived parts of the UK than in the most affluent. Throughout the country and through all social classes, women live, on average, five years longer than men.[11] Mortality rates are high in Scotland, higher in Clydeside and even higher in Glasgow. They are especially high in areas of deprivation. Decreases in deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) have been offset by increases in deaths from liver disease and suicide.[12] The challenge Glasgow is probably the most challenging city in the UK to improve health, if not the most challenging in the European Union (EU). The incidence of CHD and stroke is the highest in Western Europe and most of this is attributable to modifiable risk factors.[13] Rates of cancer are also high. The incidence of lung cancer is 77 per 100,000 in Western Scotland compared with 49 per 100,000 in the rest of the UK and most of this is accounted for by smoking habits.[14] Glasgow has been called â€Å"the UK’s fattest city†[15] Obesity is well known as a risk factor for CHD and diabetes but it also contributes to the risk of many cancers. The WHO says that obesity is second only to smoking as a cause of cancer.[16] If improvement in the health of Glasgow was aimed purely at reducing smoking and obesity it could have a major impact on health. Other areas where there may be significant benefit are a reduction in drug and alcohol abuse and safe sexual practices. Substance abuse and sex are related. Most prostitutes work to fund a drug habit and much injudicious sex occurs when intoxicated by drugs or alcohol. Intravenous drug use and promiscuity spread hepatitis B and HIV. Hepatitis C is very common with intravenous drug use but is less commonly sexually transmitted. Accidents and much violence result from intoxication, especially with alcohol. Between 1960 and 2002, the death rate from cirrhosis in men rose by 69% in England and Wales and 106% in Scotland. Amongst women it rose by nearly half.[17] Improving mental health is also extremely important.[18] It is often linked to substance abuse but it is difficult to decide if mental illness is caused by drug or alcohol abuse or a result of it. People often have more than one risk factor. This is why doctors use tables that examine several parameters to assess an individual’s risk.[19] Those in lower social classes are more likely to have multiple risk factors. For males, 30% in social class V have at least two or three high risk behaviours compared to fewer than 10% in social class I. For females, the figures are 20% and fewer than 5% respectively.[20] Some benefit may be obtained from improved medical services. Governments may help with alleviating poverty and economic regeneration but most intervention will be aimed at getting the individual to take responsibility for his own health. He has to understand the problem. He must want to change. He must be empowered for his own good. There is a vast amount of health promotion material that is readily available.[21] A single agency is limited in what can be achieved. It is important that many agencies and all levels of society should feel part of this great challenge to change the ways and the attitudes of the people of Glasgow. Government action Improving medical services to cope with those who suffer from the important diseases should improve outcome but disease prevention offers hope of a much greater improvement. Most of the risk factors for illness and premature death are modifiable and amenable to change by the individual. Legislation may come from the EU, UK or Scottish Government. It may change behaviour as in banning smoking in public places or it may address poverty and bad housing. Poverty is bad for health but poverty applies only to the lowest in the social scale whilst there is a gradient of health and life expectancy right across the social classes.[22] The benefit of giving money to poor families is unclear.[23] Laws may aim to curb tobacco or alcohol use. Raising taxation reduces tobacco consumption[24] and there are a number of ways of other ways of reducing alcohol consumption too.[25] Subsidy as well as taxation may make healthy food more attractive and unhealthy food less so.[26] Governments must assure funding for health promotion campaigns and may help with coordination across various departments. The NHS is an obvious department to be involved in both health promotion and provision of medical services. Education may be important in trying to change both knowledge and attitudes amongst young people. It can help to develop an interest and knowledge in healthy eating and cooking. It can aim to change attitudes to tobacco, alcohol and drugs and encourage an ethos of exercise. The Department of Trade and Industry may be involved in economic regeneration. Both the police and courts may be able to direct people with problems related to drug or alcohol abuse towards care rather than just a punitive system. The process of change Health promotion aims to get individuals to change to a healthier lifestyle. This is not easy to achieve. Change is rarely easy. It involves the individual going through several steps on the way to achieve a lasting change in habit and attitude. Health promotion initiatives The mechanism for health promotion is usually mass media campaigns. They seem to work for smoking cessation[27] and even in changing sexual behaviour in young people.[28] However, there is very little evidence about long term effects. Campaigns may be aimed at one facet or multiple risks. For example, diet, weight and exercise are intimately entwined. This may spill over into smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. Health promotion may be at a national, community or individual level. The individual level is usually when a patient is seen in a medical setting, especially general practice. Simply exhorting people to change is not enough. It must be facilitated. Most general practices have antismoking clinics where support, advice and even prescriptions to help withdrawal may be had. The subject has been extensively reviewed by both CKS[29] and NICE.[30] People must be helped to appreciate what is healthy food and that it is not more expensive than their traditional diet. Fun runs are of limited value as they are an isolated event. Changes in diet and exercise must be for life. The individual must find a form of exercise that he can manage and he likes or he will not persevere. Counselling and support for substance abusers must be available. Methadone can give stability to the life of a heroin user[31] and acamprosate can reduce the craving for alcohol[32] but counselling must not be ignored. Long term change In Europe it is usually suggested that inequalities in health are the result of inequalities in income. In the USA they focus on health literacy[33] and suggest that it is inequality in education that is responsible. As income and education tend to be related it is possible that one is a surrogate for the other. Health is worse in those of lower intelligence but this does not account for all the discrepancy.[34]. People from poorer backgrounds are more likely to smoke.[35] Smoking is the main cause of differences in death rates in middle age across socio-economic groups. In men between 35 and 69 years, it accounts for 59% of social class differences in death rates.[36] They are more likely to be obese[37] and this may be linked to the higher incidence of diabetes.[38] Abuse of alcohol is more prevalent as is drug abuse. They are more likely to experience teenage pregnancy[39] and to be involved in accidents.[40] Accidents are a major cause of death and disability in those under 45.[41] They are more common in lower social classes and in males more than females. This is not just due to high risk jobs as both poverty[42] and lower social class[43] are risk factors for children too. There is also a relationship between poverty and poor mental health.[44] However, as poor mental health causes social decline the question of cause and effect arises. Perhaps the most important aspect of long term health improvement is improvement in general education. Health literacy is closely related to general literacy.[45] People of poor health literacy have poor lifestyles, they present late with disease and are poor in compliance with management. Those with poor educational achievement have a dead end job or no job. They have low self esteem and are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol, to smoke and have a poor diet. Teenage pregnancy is more common in low achievers. Improved education, improved job prospects and improved standard of living are the key to improving health. Bibliography: Social Determinants of Health by Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson. Oxford 2005. Promoting Health: A Practical Guide by Linda Ewles and Ina Simnett. Balliere Tindall 2003. Challenging Health Inequalities: From Acheson to Choosing Health (Health Society). Elizabeth Dowler and Nick J. Spencer. University of Bristol 2007. Footnotes: [1] World Health Organisation. WHO definition of Health. http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html [2] Upmy street.com. http://www.upmystreet.com/local/my-neighbours/population/l/Glasgow.html [3] DirectGlasgow.co.uk http://www.directglasgow.co.uk/glasgow-information/glasgow-information.asp [4] Indices of Deprivation 2007. http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/neighbourhoodrenewal/deprivation/deprivation07/ [5] Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/SIMD/ [6] The Black Report. http://www.sochealth.co.uk/history/black.htm [7] The Acheson Report. . http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/contents.htm [8] Tudor Hart J The inverse care law. Lancet 27 Feb 1971. 1(7696):405-12. [9] Department of Health. Search on â€Å"health inequalities†. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/AdvanceSearchResult/index.htm?searchTerms=health+inequalities [10] WHO. Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report. 2008. http://www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/en/ [11] Office of National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=881 [12] Leyland AH, Dundas R, McLoone P, Boddy FA. Inequalities in Health Inequalities in mortality. MRC http://www.inequalitiesinhealth.com/public/index.php?cmd=smartyid=1_len [13] Scottish Government Health Directorates. Coronary heart disease/ stroke task force report. September 2001 http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/publications/cdtf/cdtf-05.htm [14] National Cancer Intelligence Network. News release. 7th October 2008. http://www.ncin.org.uk/press/UKIM1008press.pdf [15] The Scotsman. 10th March 2003. http://news.scotsman.com/obesity/Glasgow-digests-UKs-fattest-city.2409145.jp [16] World Health Organisation. 2008. Cancer: diet and physical activity’s impact. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/cancer/en/ [17] Leon DA, McCambridge J; Liver cirrhosis mortality rates in Britain from 1950 to 2002: an analysis of routine data. Lancet. 2006 Jan 7;367(9504):52-6. [abstract] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/16399153 [18] Scottish Public Health Observatory. Mental Health: Policy Context. http://www.scotpho.org.uk/home/Healthwell-beinganddisease/MentalHealth/mental_keypolicy.asp [19] British Hypertension Society. Proposed Joint British Societies Cardiovascular Disease. http://www.bhsoc.org/resources/prediction_chart.htm [20] Department of Health. Health Survey for England 2003. Published December 2004. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsStatistics/DH_4098712 [21] Health Promotion. PatientUK. http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/16/ [22] Office of National Statistics. Variations persist in life expectancy by social class. October 2007. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/le1007.pdf [23] Lucas P, McIntosh K, Petticrew M, Roberts HM, Shiell A. Financial benefits for child health and well-being in low income or socially disadvantaged families in developed world countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006358. http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006358.html [24] Leverett M, Ashe M, Gerard S, Jenson J, Woollery T. Tobacco use: the impact of prices. J Law Med Ethics. 2002 Fall;30(3 Suppl):88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508509 [25] Scottish Government. Effective and Cost Effective Measures to Reduce Alcohol Misuse in Scotland: An Update to the Literature Review. 2005. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/01/20542/50232 [26] Caraher M, Cowburn G. Taxing food: implications for public health nutrition. Public Health Nutr. 2005 Dec;8(8):1242-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/16372919 [27] Bala M, Strzeszynski L, Cahill K. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004704. http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004704.html [28] Delgado HM, Austin SB. Can media promote responsible sexual behaviors among adolescents and young adults? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007 Aug;19(4):405-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/17630603 [29] CKS Library. Smoking cessation. 2007. http://www.cks.library.nhs.uk/smoking_cessation [30] NICE. Smoking cessation. March 2006 http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byIDo=11375 [31] Department of Health. Drug misuse and dependence. UK Guidelines on clinical management. http://www.nta.nhs.uk/areas/Clinical_guidance/clinical_guidelines/docs/clinical_guidelines_2007.pdf [32] Kranzler HR, Gage A. Acamprosate efficacy in alcohol-dependent patients: summary of results from three pivotal trials. Am J Addict. 2008 Jan-Feb;17(1):70-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez /18214726 [33] Committee on Health Literacy, Institute of Medicine, Nielsen-Bohlman LN, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, eds. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2004. [34] Batty GD, Der G, Macintyre S, et al; Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland.; BMJ. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):580-4. Epub 2006 Feb 1. [full text] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7541/580 [35] Jefferis BJ, Power C, Graham H, Manor O. Changing social gradients in cigarette smoking and cessation over two decades of adult follow-up in a British birth cohort. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004 Mar;26(1):13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044567 [36] Jha P, Peto R, Zatonski W, Boreham J, Jarvis MJ, Lopez AD. Social inequalities in male mortality, and in male mortality from smoking: indirect estimation from national death rates in England and Wales, Poland, and North America. Lancet. 2006 Jul 29;368(9533):367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11226355 [37] James WPT, Nelson M, Ralph A et al. Socioeconomic determinants of health: the contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. BMJ 1997;314(7093):1545–1549. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/314/7093/1545 [38] Office of National Statistics. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus in general practice in England and Wales,1994 to 1998. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp?ID=1519Pos=1ColRank=1Rank=224 [39] McCulloch A. Teenage childbearing in Great Britain and the spatial concentration of poverty households. J Epidemiol Community Health.2001 Jan;55(1):16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrievedb=PubMeddopt=Abstractlist_uids=11112946 [40] Khambalia A, Joshi P, Brussoni M, Raina P, Morrongiello B, Macarthur C. Risk factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0-6 years: a systematic review. Inj Prev. 2006 Dec;12(6):378-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170185 [41] Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. General Accident. January 2007. http://www.rospa.org.uk/factsheets/general_accidents.pdf [42] Khambalia A, Joshi P, Brussoni M, Raina P, Morrongiello B, Macarthur C. Risk factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0-6 years: a systematic review. Inj Prev. 2006 Dec;12(6):378-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170185 [43] Kemp A, Sibert J. Childhood accidents: epidemiology, trends, and prevention. J Accid Emerg Med. 1997 Sep;14(5):316-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315935 [44] Payne S. Poverty and Mental Health in the Breadline Britain Survey. 1999. http://www.bris.ac.uk/poverty/pse/99-Pilot/99-Pilot_4.pdf [45] Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Paulsen C. The Health Literacy of Americas Adults: Results From the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NCES 2006-483). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education; 2006.

The French Revolution Essay -- European Europe History

The French Revolution The French Revolution is one of the major revolutions in European history. The revolution marks a turning point in French history and in world history in general. Forms of government, morals, ideologies, and social development were greatly affected by this event in all Europe and even in the United States. The beginning of the French Revolution is generally dated from June, 1789. However, the crisis in political and economic affairs in France in that period was so great that social unrest, rioting, and rebellion were common for two years before. The end of the revolutionary period was marked by the establishment of the Empire by Napolean in 1804. The basic causes of the French Revolution were rooted in the rigidities of French society in the 18th century. Lines of distinction between classes were tightly drawn, and opportunites for social advancement were very few. The economy was not growing as fast as it should have been. Then needs of an increasing population were not being met. Governmet was inefficient and unrepresentative. Economic problems made the heavy tax exempt but neary so, while the peasents and middle classes were subjected to greater and greater burdens. Crops falied, and trade was stagnant. The people could no longer be taxed, but the government faced bankruptcy unless new revenues were found. The only soulution was to tax the privileged classes. But they were jealoous of their privileged posistion. Altought they were not completely unwilling to contribute some additional taxes, they never understood how grave the economis crisis was. They say the crises as only some form of financial corruption that could be explained away by firing the king's finac... ...tion of his enemies and was rampant, war was at the doorstep, and bread riots were common. The tide turned in another direction, and a stronger executive power in the form of the Dierctory (1795-1799) was set up. A five-man committe ruled the country. Meanwhile, Napolean was making his name famous by his military success. Napoleon allied with two directors in the Directory and with his btoher Lucien, who was president of the Council of Five Hundred, and assembly under the Directory. On Nov. 9, 1799, in the Coup d'Etat de Brumaire he overthrewthe government. A form of government modeled on the old Roman type was established. Napoleon was elected first consul for ten years. By 1804 Napolean assumed the title of emperor, and absoulute monarachy was revied. Bibliography Microsoft Encarta, 1997 Sucdus Som Sibro Universal World Reference Enclopedia

Advantages of Democracy Essay

Democracy can provide for changes in government without violence. In a democracy, power can be transferred from one party to another by means of elections. The jurisdiction of the citizens of a nation determines its ruling authority. Moreover, any government is bound by an election term after which it has to compete against other parties to regain authority. This system prevents monopoly of the ruling authority. The ruling party has to make sure it works for its people for it cannot remain being the authority after completing its term unless re-elected by the people. This brings in a feeling of obligation towards the citizens. The ruling authorities owe their success in the elections to the citizens of the nation. This results in a feeling of gratefulness towards the people. It can serve as their motivation to work for the people for it is the common masses that have complete power over choosing their government. Another important advantage of democracy is that the people gain a sens e of participation in the process of choosing their government. They get the opportunity to voice their opinions by means of electoral votes. This gives rise to a feeling of belongingness in the minds of the people towards their society. Disadvantages of Democracy In a democratic nation, it is the citizens who hold the right to elect their representatives and their governing authorities. According to a common observation, not all the citizens are fully aware of the political scenario in their country. The common masses may not be aware of the political issues in society. This may result in people making the wrong choices during election. As the government is subject to change after every election term, the authorities may work with a short-term focus. As they have to face an election after the completion of each term, they may lose focus on working for the people and rather focus on winning elections. Another disadvantage of democracy is that mobs can influence people. Citizens may vote in favor of a party under the influence of the majority. Compelled or influenced by the philosophies of those around, a person may not voice his/her true opinion. Every form of government is bound to have some shortfalls. Different people have different views about the various political systems. Egypt The politics of Egypt is based on republicanism, with a semi-presidential system of government. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, and the  resignation ofPresident Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2014, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was elected as Egypt’s seventh President Egyptian parties like the Muslim Brotherhood may derive short-term benefits from the fall of regional dictatorships, much of the blame for their support can be ascribed to the authoritarianism of the last sixty years. Nasser and Sadat comes across as too sympathetic, while his assumption that the authoritarian political structure from 1952 onwards enabled Egypt’s leader to avoid a more hard-line foreign policy stance is dubious.

4 Popular Camel Spider Myths and the Truth Behind Them

4 Popular Camel Spider Myths and the Truth Behind Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve no doubt seen pictures of camel spiders before, usually accompanied by a story about deadly bites, camel eating, or chasing people across the desert. Thanks to chain letters, camel spiders have a reputation as being fearsome, terrifying predators- but is that warranted? In this article, we’ll be covering the facts and fictions of camel spiders, including where they’re found and what they eat, as well as some biological information about how camel spiders fit into their environment. Read on to learn more about camel spiders! JonRichfield/Wikimedia Commons What’s a Camel Spider? Whether you love the Arachnida class or you’d prefer to never see them again, camel spiders, or Solifugae, are pretty intimidating. Part of that comes from their many names- they’re commonly called camel spiders, but also wind scorpions or sun spiders. Anything that can be called either a spider or a scorpion is bound to look a little off-putting, and Solifugae’s long body, many legs, and large fangs certainly don’t help its reputation. In fact, Solifugae are neither true spiders nor true scorpions. Unlike scorpions, they have no tails, and unlike spiders, they do not belong to the order Araneae and lack spinnerets and silk, though they are arachnids. They vary in size, with body lengths usually falling between 2 inches and 3 inches, though their legs can be several inches long, making them look even larger. They also have what appears to be a fifth set of legs, called pedipalps, that work something like antennae. Pedipalps aren’t used for walking, but do aid in locomotion as they help detect obstacles and food. Camel spiders are often associated with Middle Eastern deserts thanks to popular chain letters that began circulating during the Persian Gulf War and the Iraq War. However, that’s not quite accurate- camel spiders have a much wider habitat than most people would care to think about! Where Do Camel Spiders Live? Camel Spiders do live in the deserts of the Middle East, but they also live in a whole lot of other deserts, as well. In fact, they can be found everywhere on earth except Australia and Antarctica. It’s not a surprise that camel spiders can’t be found in Antarctica, but why not Australia? Unfortunately, it’s hard to say- observing solifugids in the wild is quite difficult, and they don’t survive well in captivity. This makes them exceedingly difficult to study. Camel spiders prefer desert biomes, but can also be found in everything from scrub to forests. Because there are some 1,100 subspecies of Solifugae, there’s quite a lot of variance in where they appear and what they eat. JonRichfield/Wikimedia Commons What Do Camel Spiders Eat? So what do camel spiders eat? Is it camels? Humans? Well, it’s a little bit of everything. Camel spiders are carnivorous or omnivorous, so pretty much anything is on the table. This is especially true because camel spiders, unlike many similar creatures, don’t just spin a web and wait for prey to come to them. Solifugids are hunters. They run, and they run fast- about 10 miles per hour. Their speed means they can eat everything from small insects to lizards, birds, and rodents depending on availability. Camel spiders use their chelicerae, a scientific name for the jaws of the arthropod group Chelicerata, to cut into prey. Their chelicerae function similar to a crab’s pincers, allowing camel spiders to do everything from shearing feathers to cutting through bone. However, it’s important to note that, while fast and strong, camel spiders primarily hunt for food that is only a bit bigger than they are. They don’t have venom of any kind, and though their bites can be painful (their chelicerae are no joke), they are simply not equipped for consuming large, strong prey, including camels and humans. Braboowi/Wikimedia Commons Common Myths About Camel Spiders One of the primary sources for interest in camel spiders comes from a chain letter circulated in the early 90s and again toward the beginning of the Iraq War, which reads: From someone stationed in Baghdad. He was recently bitten by a camel spider which was hiding in his sleeping bag. I thought you’d like to see what a camel spider looks like. It’ll give you a better idea of what our troops are dealing with. Enclosed is a picture of his friend holding up two spiders. Warning: not for the squeamish! This picture is a perfect example of why you don’t want to go to the desert. These are 2 of the biggest I’ve ever seen. With a vertical leap that would make a pro basketball player weep with envy (they have to be able to jump up on to a camels stomach after all), they latch on and inject you with a local anesthesia so you can’t feel it feeding on you. They eat flesh, not just suck out your juices like a normal spider. I’m gonna be having nightmares after seeing this photo! Is any of this true? Should we really be fearing that camel spiders are going to creep up on people while they’re sleeping, numb them, and eat their flesh? Let’s take a look at some of the most prominent things people believe about camel spiders and whether or not they’re accurate. Myth 1: Camel Spiders Are Huge Camel spiders aren’t small- they range in size from two to three inches in the body, plus several inches of legs- but many famous photos of the creatures often make them look as if they’re more like a foot or so in length. This kind of trickery can be accomplished with careful positioning, making it look as though a camel spider is the same size as a human leg when in fact it is just a few inches long. Myth 2: Camel Spiders Are So Named Because They Eat Camels According to urban legend, camel spiders are particularly frightening spiders that jump up, grab a camel’s belly, inject them with a numbing venom, and eat chunks from their bodies. Naturally, this horrific story could also happen to people. However, almost none of this is true. Camel spiders don’t jump, as they have no need to- their pedipalps seek out prey in front of them, which is more than sufficient in keeping them fed. Since they don’t jump, they definitely don’t cling to a camel’s body. But could one inject venom into a sleeping camel? Nope, because camel spiders don’t have any venom. Their jaws do more than enough to keep them fed. Though they are hunters, they primarily hunt things that are around their size or slightly smaller, and their chelicerae are quite capable of killing and cutting prey on their own. Once food has been chopped up, it’s liquified and eaten. So in a sense, that last part of the myth- that camel spiders eat chunks of flesh- is sort of true, but there’s no jumping, no venom, and no camels involved. Myth 3: Camel Spiders Chase People As previously mentioned, camel spiders are fast. But as we know, camel spiders don’t eat people and therefore have no real reason to chase them. So why might a camel spider be seen to chase a human anyway? Camel spiders are nocturnal. Desert nights are cooler, and camel spiders do their hunting at night. If you see a camel spider out in the day, it’s probably looking for shade- something a human can offer through its shadow. That’s why it may look as though a camel spider is chasing a person. It might run after a human, pausing when the human pauses, in search of cool shade. Myth 4: Camel Spiders Scream as They Chase People We’ve already established that camel spiders might follow people to stay in the shade of their shadow, but â€Å"chasing† isn’t quite accurate. It should be no surprise that the claim that they scream as they’re chasing people is also false. Camel spiders may stridulate- rubbing together two body parts to produce a sound- but do not actually scream. Stridulation may produce a buzzing or hissing sound, but not a scream. It’s all an urban legend! What’s Next? If you find camel spider biology interesting, AP biology may be the class for you! Take a look through the AP biology syllabus to see if it interests you. Does your spider interest extend beyond camel spiders? Learn about garden spiders and why most people don't need to worry about them here. Need some help studying for AP biology? These AP biology notes can help you out! Whether you just like to gross people out a little bit or you need to calm down after looking at all those camel spider facts, this slime recipe might be exactly what you need.

Point of View Essay Example

Point of View Essay Example Point of View Essay Point of View Essay The talker of the narrative. who speaks as a first-person storyteller. is non named. We may reason that he has had a good trade of experience with little boats. and with the linguistic communication of crewmans. His concentration displacements in the class of the narrative. At first. he seems to be cognizant of all four work forces on the boat. jointly. and he makes observations that permit us to understand the thoughts and responses of the work forces. who are linked in a practical brotherhood because of their holding been stranded on a bantam boat amid the high moving ridges that are endangering their being ( paragraph 9 ) . At approximately paragraph 49. nevertheless. the talker shifts his concentration chiefly to the letter writer. while he describes the other work forces more dramatically. Might we assume that at this point. Crane is unifying the talker of the narrative with his ain voice. every bit about as we can find it? Throughout. the talker introduces some of his ain thoughts. and besides. at times. speaks ironically. This accounts for some of the more humourous looks in the narrative. Therefore. the talker remarks wryly that the work forces. while hotfooting from the droping ship to salvage themselves. had forgotten to eat heartily and therefore were now being weakened with hungriness ( paragraph 49 ) . The talker is in control of the tone of his descriptions. as when he points out that the human back. to a oarsman. is capable to countless and painful cricks and knots ( paragraph 82 ) . The talker is besides observant and philosophical. as when he remarks that the four work forces at sea need to turn their caputs to contemplate the lonely and apathetic shore ( paragraph 206 ) . The story’s concluding sentence. about the fact that the three lasting work forces can be interpreters. is implicative of a good trade of idea and observation that could take beyond the content of the narrative. Though the point of position is third-person limited-omniscient. Crane’s meeting of his ideas with the narrator’s would non be as effectual. non as dramatic. or nonsubjective. for it is this third-person distance that Crane feels would be most suited for his thought that work forces are undistinguished compared to the forces of nature. or nature itself. The point is driven place well with his peculiar point of position: another or different point of position would overcast his message and befog his cardinal subject: a different point of position would be excessively emotional. excessively fraught with survivability. The white Hero is told from a third-person all-knowing point-of-view. one that is cognizant of both Sylvia’s hopes and aspirations. and the adversities that she will meet as she strives to accomplish them. The stability of the tree is noted from the really get downing with Sylvia’s acknowledgment that [ in the ] dark boughs [ of the tree ] †¦ he wind ever. stirred. no affair how hot and still the air might be below†¦ It is from this hush that Sylvia begins her journey with prickling eager blood and apprehensiveness of the point at which she must do the unsafe base on balls from one tree to the other. [ when ] the great endeavor would truly get down. This image of doing the passage from a smalle r tree to a larger more unsafe one is a symbol of Sylvia go forthing the kingdom of her early childhood to get down confronting the challenges of going an grownup. At first. Sylvia felt her manner anxiously. but as she crosses trees and feels the support of the old pine. she becomes his new dependant. The pine is likened to a great chief mast to sailing Earth. a simile which is followed by the author’s personification of the manner in which it h [ olds ] away the winds to protect the solitary gray-eyed child merely as a male parent would make. The narrative gait of the transition varies from being restrained and held back as Sylvia prepares for her escapade. to increasing in velocity somewhat once she changes trees. to eventually making a flood tide once she reaches the top. It is this fast patterned advance from her mounting and feelings of support from the tree to this climactic waking up that aids in pass oning the true extent of Sylvia’s growing. The spark of human spirit that the tree’s ponderous frame helps to raise to the top rapidly easy becomes a pale star. trembling and tired. but entirely exultant. Bierce Tells An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge in three parts. Part I is in nonsubjective third-person point of position except for the last three paragraphs. In nonsubjective third-person narrative. the narrator observes events but can non come in the head of any character and unwrap his or her ideas. In the last three paragraphs of the Part I. the narrative displacements to omniscient ( all-knowing ) third-person point of position in relation to Peyton Farquhar. This displacement enables Bierce to take the reader inside Farquhar’s head to show how emotional turbulence alters non merely the manner the head interprets world but besides the manner it perceives the transition of clip. First. Farquhar mistakes the ticking of his ticker for the tolling of a bell or the ring of an anvil struck by a cock. Then. after Farquhar beads from the span at the minute of executing. he perceives a individual second as permanent hours.

Ethical Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Standards - Essay Example This study highlights that all patients that seek treatment from him are treated the same regardless of factors such as gender and disability. This is achieved by providing patients with all the information they require, with regards to the condition they are suffering from, and all the treatment available. The patient determines the way forward. The main aim is therefore not to make profit but the wellbeing of patients. In the case that a condition cannot be diagnosed or treated in the clinic, referral to other specialists is done, for the interest of the patient. All the ethics governing medicine; autonomy, beneficence, justice and non-maleficence, should apply in his practice.This paper declares that  doctors are faced with a lot of moral dilemmas in the course of their practice; this is due to a combination of factors such as diverse religions, technological changes and basically, opening up of the profession. Ethical theories have been used since the time of Homer (somewhere b etween the 6th or 8th century), to the times of philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle and Plato, virtues and ethics were advocated for character in different professions. Virtue theory existed in the field of medicine, and we have built on that, to come up with values we consider essential to the medical field.  Dr. Andre considers himself to be utilitarian. This theory advocates for doing the action with the greatest good for the majority. This view promotes good or valued ends, rather than valued means.

Turnover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Turnover - Essay Example If the turnover continues to increase with new employment, then it becomes similar to losing the assets of the company. There is a link between the rate of turnover that occurs in a company and the level of empowerment within the organization, the organizational environment, and elements associated with the dynamics of the workforce. The importance of turnover rates also creates a question of what an organization should do to decrease the rate. Specific changes can help reduce the rates of organizational turnover, specifically so that human assets continue to assist with the increase of production and growth within an organization. Knowledge distribution is a main factor that contributes to organizational turnover rates (Chow, Choy and Lee, 2007). This is on the perspective of the amount of knowledge provided. The knowledge distribution has a direct impact on the motivation of employees to complete specific tasks and projects. It also provides guidance and direction for the growth and expectations of the company. Knowledge distribution from management systems helps in defining the tasks and movement toward achieving the goals of the company. The imbalance of knowledge distribution can change the levels of motivation and the ability to complete specific tasks within the workforce. This results in higher turnover rates (Chow, Choy and Lee, 2007). This study identifies the factors that contribute to high turnover in distribution and third party logistics (3PL) organizations, specifically in terms of how turnover relates to dynamics such as knowledge distribution in an organization. The 3PLs are the essential or fundamental highest levels of knowledge distribution to that can complete tasks. At the same time, there are gaps within the knowledge distribution, which leads to higher levels of organizational turnover (Fugate and Stank, 2009). The research will investigate new ways of looking at the organization, and how